Analysis of Infinitive Phrases in Novel By J.K.Rowling ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’

Received: 19 January 2022 ABSTRACT Infinitive phrase may function, not as a main verb of a clause, but as another part of speech—either as a noun, adjective, or adverb that takes the form of “to + verb” in its simplest form. This research is done to find out the types of infinitives found in the novel written by J.K. Rowling, ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ and the function of infinitives found in the novel written by J.K. Rowling, ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer’s Stone’ done by 7 students of Magister of English Education of Lampung University. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, and the data is taken from the novel written by J.K Rowling ‘Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone’ page 1-8, 33-40, 65-72, 97-104, 129-136, 161-168, and 193-200.From the results and discussion, it can be concluded that not all students look for the same forms and classification of the infinitive, but the dominant types used in the novel is the to-infinitive.


INTRODUCTION
In a sentence, there is normally at least one verb that has both a subject and a tense. According to Greenbaum and Quirk (2003), there are four morphological forms of regular verbs. They are base form, -s form, -ing participle and -ed participle. In addition, verb also can be finite and non-finite based on their function. For base form, they are sometime finite. Sometimes, they can be non -finite. For "the -s form and past form are always finite whereas the -ing participleand -ed participle are always non-finite" (Greenbaum and Quirk, 2003).When a verb has a subject and a tense, it can be referred to as a finite verb. Some forms of a verb are referred to as non-finite.Non-finite is the verb form that simply names the action of the verb, without any other specification, etc., (in English used with or without to).Non-finite parts of a verb are those that do not indicate number, person or tense.
The infinitive has two kinds of infinitive -infinitive with to (to-infinitive) and infinitive without to (bare infinitive). "She always comes to help me," in which to help is an infinitive with to. "I saw her leave the house," in which leave the house is an infinitive without to or bare infinitive. We do not say "I saw her to leave the house", because the verb see is followed by a bare infinitive when the infinitive is used.
Previously stated, an infinitive is a verbal, a verb form or construction that plays the role of a different part of speech in a sentence (see Hopps, 2013;Krippendorff, 2004;Van Charldorp, 2014;Ward, 2015). Although infinitives contain verbs, they cannot function as verbs. They do not convey a sense of tense on their own, and sentences containing them must include at least one finite main verb.The infinitive of a verb is the basic form, for example 'do', 'be', 'take', and ' eat'. It takes the form of "to + verb" in its simplest form.The to-infinitive is used as follows; after an adjective of quality such as small, tall, agreeable, pleasant, funny that is used in combination with too or (not) + adjective of quality + enough; after adjectives of emotion such as: angry, happy, glad, sad, sorry, surprised, to express the reason for the emotion; after a 'behavior' adjective such as: good, kind, nice, silly, wrong, (sometimes + of + another noun phrase); after a WH-word such as: how, what, where, whether, which, who, whom; after a noun phrase such as a good idea, a good thing, a mistake (sometimes + for + another noun phrase); after an adjective such as easy, difficult, hard, impossible + for + noun phrase; after a verb followed by for, e.g. ask, wait + for + noun phrase; and after a verb followed by a pronoun or a noun.
According to Frank (1972), infinitive phrase may function, not as a main verb of a clause, but as another part of speech-either as a noun, adjective, or adverb. In reading a text, we might find infinitive and not recognize it. To minimize this, the researcher will explain a little about infinitive and its example. This research is then done to find out about; (1) what types of infinitives found in the novel written by J.K. Rowling, 'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone', (2) what is the function of infinitives found in the novel written by J.K. Rowling, 'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone' done by 7 students of Magister of English Education of Lampung University.
According to Azar (2019), an infinitive is to + the simple form of a verb (to see, to be, to go, etc.). In line with this, Schatz (2002) also stated that an infinitive is a verb form that is preceded by to; to read, to jump, and to be. Frank (1972) stated that infinitives phraseis more economical than dependent clause it may replace but it is less exact in its ability to show time, person and number. Frank (1972) also stated that there are two nominal function of infinitive phrase, infinitive phrase as subject and infinitive phrase as object of verb.The toinfinitive is used in many sentence constructions, often expressing the purpose of something or someone's opinion about something. The to-infinitive is used following a large collection of different verbs as well. It can be helpful to identify what role an infinitive plays in a sentence: with the proper understanding of how an infinitive is used, writers can structure their sentences with clarity and precision . But, there are another three functions of infinitive found;

Infinitive as a noun
An infinitive can act as a noun, appearing as the subject or direct object of a sentence. It can also appear as a subject complement, which provides information about the subject, following a linking verb (such as is) in the predicate of a sentence. One way to test whether or not an infinitive is acting as a noun is by replacing the infinitive with the word something.

Example:
To finish the script is the only reason Kanasya would stay up all night. (subject) Aulia wants to maintain a healthy lifestyle. (object)

Infinitive as an adjective
As an adjective, infinitive will modify a noun in the sentence that describes the noun or pronoun. Means it will describe a subject or an object. Example: The only way to find the treasure chest is to meet with the dwarfs. (describing the noun "way")

Infinitive as an adverb
As an adverb, they'll modify verbs, other adjectives, or other adverbs.Adverbs answer questions like where, when, why, how, and for what reason/purpose, so, as an adverb, the infinitive will answer the same questions. Example: Darius is running 5 miles a day to train for the Chinatown marathon. (explaining the verb "running") Infinitive without 'to' is called the bare infinitive (the base form of a verb).The bare infinitive is used after common verbs of perception with a direct object (watch, hear, feel), and common verbs of permission or causation (make, have, let). The bare infinitive sometimes follows the question word 'why'.Bare infinitives with modal verbs; bare infinitives are always used with the modalverbs can, could, may, might, must, shall, should, will, and would. These verbs combine with infinitives to express the conditional mood, which conveys a sense of necessity or possibility. The combination of a modal verb and a bare infinitive can take the place of the main verb of a sentence.Bare infinitives in special cases; the verbs bid, let, watch, see, make, help, and hear take bare infinitives. The constructs had better and had rather (an archaic form of "would rather," an expression of preference commonly used in British English) also take bare infinitives. Example: (1) I should do my English homework.
(2) I let the dog finish my food.
Based on the explanation above, the objective of this research is to find out the types of infinitives found in the novel written by J.K. Rowling, 'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone' and the function of infinitives found in the novel written by J.K. Rowling, 'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'.

METHOD
Every research must involve an explicit, disciplined, systematic (planned, ordered, and public) approach to find out most appropriate results. Qualitative research is inductive in nature, and the researcher generally explores meanings and insights in a given situation [Strauss & Corbin, 2008;Levitt et al., 2017]. Therefore, this study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, where it is a direct method used byresearchers objectively to investigate a problem that is examined and presented in the research . Content analysis is used as the data collecting technique (Syah et al., 2021;Triana et al., 2020). The data is taken from the novel written by J.K Rowling 'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'page 1-8, 33-40, 65-72, 97-104, 129-136, 161-168, and 193-200; 8 pages for each student. To answer the research questions, the data analysis in this research starts with collecting the data by collecting the data results from each student, next the writer analyze the types and its function of infinitives for each data results of the students, and then the researcher will explain the findings found from the 7 students.

FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
The total 7 students are asked to analyze the infinitives they found in the novel written by J.K Rowling 'Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone'. Each students are given 8 pages each that the distribution is as follows;UmiMa'rifah has to analyze from page 1-8; NikenWulandari has to analyze from page 33-40; EkoPermadi has to analyze from page 65-72, DithaKusumarajni has to analyze from page 97-104; Sonia Oktavia has to analyze from page 129-136; RoyanArif has to analyze from page 161-168; and RestiaApriani has to analyze from page 193-200. First, the infinitive is defined the nominal function as subject. From the table above, it can be seen that there are 5 students found none of the nominal function as subject. Actually, there are4 out of 7 students who looked for nominal function as subject in the novel, but 2 students found 0 of nominal function as subject. The two students are Eko and Royan. Eko found 2 phrases, and Royan found 2 phrases out of 4 phrases. The table shows us about the use of nominal function as object. The zero found of the nominal function is for the 3 students who are not looked for nominal function as object. The findings of four students are as follows; Umi 11, Eko 12, Royan 3, and Restia 9 from the total 35.  Table 3 is about the infinitive as a noun, and the 3 students found zero about it is the students that do not looked for infinitive as a noun.For the students who looked for the infinitive as a noun, it is found that Eko found 3 phrases, Ditha found 14 phrases, Sonia found 8 phrases, and Niken found 3 phrases. From the table above, it can be seen that all 7 students looked for the infinitive as an adjective. From 8 pages, Umi found 5 phrases, Eko 4 phrases, Ditha 7 phrases, Sonia 11 phrases, Royan 12 phrases, Restia 6 phrases, and Niken found 11 phrases.  Table 5 shows us about the findings of 7 students of the infinitive as an adverb. Only 1 students do not looked for the infinitive as an adverb. Umi found 11 phrases, Eko 3 phrases, Ditha 11 phrases, Sonia 21 phrases, Restia 19 phrases, and Niken 12 phrases out of 77 phrases. On the table above, 3 out of 7 students looked for the infinitive as a complement. The 4 students found zero phrases of the infinitive as a complement. Umi found 1 phrase, Eko found 1 phrase, and Royan found 17 phrases of the total 19 phrases.  The table 7 above shows us about the findings of bare infinitive found in the novel. 3 students did not look for the bare infinitive. Ditha found 8 phrases, Sonia found 4 phrases, Royan found 16 phrases, and Niken found 3 phrases.
Next, in the findings of 1 student, he quoted that according to Eastwood (1994), there are 4 forms of infinitive; they are simple, perfect, continuous, and perfect continuous. In the findings, he only found infinitive in simple tense as much as 31 phrases and infinitive in perfect tense as much as 1 phrase. For the continuous and perfect continuous, he found none.The 7 students are not look for the same types and function of the infinitive, but mostly the students use the to-infinitive as the simplest form of a verb.

CONCLUSION
From the results and discussion above, it can be concluded that not all students look for the same forms and classification of the infinitive. 3 students are look for the same classification; infinitive as a noun, infinitive as an adjective, infinitive as an adverb, and bare infinitive. 1 student defines the infinitive into to-infinitive and bare infinitive, and the rest of the students define the infinitive only into to-infinitive. This 1 student classifies the infinitive as subject, object, adjective, complement, and split infinitive. The other 2 students also classify the infinitive as subject, object, and complement. But, one of the two students also adds forms of the infinitive; simple, perfect, continuous, and perfect continuous. It is noted that almost all students are focusing on the to-infinitives.